In December 2024, the H5N1 avian influenza outbreak in several nearby states like Wisconsin and Michigan has become a growing concern in Illinois for humans, companion animals and wildlife. Pet parents need to know what to do to protect their cats and dogs from this highly pathogenic virus that can affect us all. As a One Health advocate, I urge everybody to follow guidelines from the CDC, Illinois Veterinary Medical Association, and other experts to protect yourselves and your pets. Here is some information I have put together for you. Do not panic. These outbreaks happen. Take a few precautionary steps to protect you and your pets, and you will be fine.

What is H5N1?

H5N1 is avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu. This strain is spread through wild birds - waterfowl and domestic poultry. The reason for such high levels of concern is that it is highly pathogenic and can spread to humans, wildlife, and domestic animals. With migratory birds like waterfowl, we are taking precautions in Illinois as a preventative effort.

Infected birds can transmit the virus through saliva, nasal secretions, and feces. When other animals or humans come into contact with these secretions, the risk of infection increases.

Impact On Wildlife and Pets

This disruption in wildlife can lead to ecological imbalances, affecting other species that rely on these birds for survival. For pets, the risk is particularly pronounced in cats, which can become infected if they come into contact with contaminated birds or their droppings. Dogs are also at risk, though to a lesser extent.

Essential Pet Safety Tips

One of the most effective measures pet parents can take during the H5N1 outbreak is to keep their pets indoors and leashed when outside. This precaution significantly limits the chances of pets coming into contact with infected wildlife or their droppings.

Cats are particularly vulnerable as they are more inclined to roam and interact with birds, increasing their risk. By keeping cats indoors, pet parents can protect them from potential exposure to avian influenza.

Similarly, when taking dogs out for walks, using a leash ensures they stay within a controlled proximity and reduces the chance of them encountering wild birds (and keep them away from bird droppings).

This practice serves two purposes: it keeps pets safe from H5N1 and prevents them from potentially spreading the virus further. While it may require some adjustments to your pet’s routine, these steps are critical for their health and the well-being of the wider community.

Safe Feeding Practices for Pets

Do not feed pets raw or undercooked meat, as these could be contaminated with the virus. Additionally, avoid feeding pets unpasteurized dairy products, which may harbor harmful pathogens.

Recognizing Symptoms in Pets

Identifying symptoms of H5N1 in pets early can be crucial for their health and recovery.

Keep your eye on your dogs and cats for signs such as:

Fever
Lethargy
Loss of appetite.
Conjunctivitis
Noticeable discharge from the eyes or nose
Difficulty breathing
Neurological signs like tremors, seizures, ataxia, or even blindness.

If any of these symptoms appear, it is vital to contact a veterinarian immediately. Before visiting the clinic, pet parents should call ahead to ensure the facility is prepared to handle potential H5N1 cases. Early detection and treatment are essential in managing the virus’s impact on pets. By being aware of these symptoms and responding promptly, pet parents can provide the best chance for their pets’ health and contribute to controlling the spread of avian influenza within the community.

One Health Approach: Linking Human and Animal Health

The One Health approach emphasizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health, particularly in managing diseases like H5N1. This holistic perspective recognizes that the health of people is closely linked to the health of animals and our shared environment. By adopting One Health strategies, we can better understand and respond to the spread of avian influenza. For instance, monitoring wildlife for early signs of outbreaks can provide critical data to prevent transmission to domestic animals and humans. Coordinated efforts among veterinarians, healthcare providers, and environmental scientists are essential in developing effective responses to health threats. This collaborative approach helps in crafting policies that address the root causes of diseases while promoting overall ecosystem health. Engaging in One Health practices not only enhances our ability to control outbreaks but also strengthens the resilience of communities against future health challenges. Through this integrated approach, we can protect both human and animal populations more effectively.

Community Guidelines and Resources

In the face of the H5N1 outbreak, community awareness and adherence to guidelines play a critical role in protecting wildlife and public health. Illinois residents should familiarize themselves with local advisories and resources provided by health and environmental authorities. The Illinois Department of Public Health offers guidelines on safe practices for handling potentially infected wildlife and preventive measures to limit the spread of avian influenza. Community members are encouraged to report unusual bird die-offs to the appropriate authorities, ensuring timely intervention and data collection. Additionally, local organizations and wildlife services can provide educational materials and updates on the current situation. By staying informed and engaged, communities can foster a proactive environment that supports the health and safety of both humans and animals. Collaborative efforts, such as participating in community clean-ups and educational workshops, can further bolster these initiatives, creating a united front against the challenges posed by the H5N1 virus.

Please review this state-issued information about how to handle and dispose of deceased wild birds: IDPH How Do I Dispose of Dead Birds?

There have been reports of wild bird die-offs in Ogle and Kendall counties in northern Illinois attributed to H5N1 as the birds are migrating for the season.

Wild bird die-offs should be reported to local Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) wildlife biologists. Click this link to determine the biologist in your area: Find an IDNR Wildlife Biologist

Or you can report a wild bird die-off by calling the USDA Wildlife Services at 1-866-487-3297.

Protecting Pets During the H5N1 Outbreak: Safety Tips for Illinois Pet Parents